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Venera 4 (Russian: Венера-4, lit. 'Venus-4'), also designated 4V-1 No.310, was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.The probe comprised a lander, designed to enter the Venusian atmosphere and parachute to the surface, and a carrier/flyby spacecraft, which carried the lander to Venus and served as a communications relay for it.
Full-scale model of the Venera 1 in the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics. The first Soviet attempt at a flyby probe to Venus was launched on 4 February 1961, but failed to leave Earth orbit.
Venera 4's battery ran out while still slowly floating through the massive atmosphere, and Venera 5 and 6 were crushed by high pressure 18 km (60,000 ft) above the surface. The first successful landing on Venus was by Venera 7 on December 15, 1970 — the first successful soft (non-crash) landing on another planet, as well as the first ...
From 1961 to 1984, the Soviet Union developed the Venera probes for surface mapping by radar. The Venera 4 (on October 18, 1967) was the first lander to make a soft landing on Venus (also the first for another planetary object). The probe operated for about 23 minutes before being destroyed by the Venusian atmosphere.
Artificial object Image Country Landing date Landing mass Coordinates Venera 3: Soviet Academy of Sciences Soviet Union March 1, 1966 377 kg (831 lb) [a 1]: Venera 4: Soviet Academy of Sciences Soviet Union: October 18, 1967 : 377 kg (831 lb) : Venera 5: Soviet Academy of Sciences Soviet Union: May 16, 1969 : 410 kg (900 lb) : Venera 6: Soviet Academy of Sciences Soviet Union: May 17, 1969 : ...
Kosmos 96 (Russian: Космос 96 meaning Cosmos 96), or 3MV-4 No.6, was a Soviet spacecraft intended to explore Venus. A 3MV-4 spacecraft launched as part of the Venera programme, Kosmos 96 was to have made a flyby of Venus. However, due to a launch failure, it did not depart low Earth orbit.
The early Earth during the Hadean eon is believed by most scientists to have had a Venus-like atmosphere, with roughly 100 bar of CO 2 and a surface temperature of 230 °C, and possibly even sulfuric acid clouds, until about 4.0 billion years ago, by which time plate tectonics were in full force and together with the early water oceans, removed ...
The final version of the 3MV bus, the V-72 probes, were launched in early 1972, with one failing to reach Venus (Kosmos 482 which was still orbiting Earth as of 2011). [4] The 3MV was superseded by the newer 4V-1 probes beginning in 1975 with Venera 9 and 10 , based on the M-71/73 probes (Mars-2-7).