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Care is necessary because in some contexts (e.g. spacecraft engineering), the name "field emission" is applied to the field-induced emission of ions (field ion emission), rather than electrons, and because in some theoretical contexts "field emission" is used as a general name covering both field electron emission and field ion emission.
electron-electron scattering Bhabha scattering: electron-positron scattering Penguin diagram: a quark changes flavor via a W or Z loop Tadpole diagram: One loop diagram with one external leg Self-interaction or oyster diagram An electron emits and reabsorbs a photon Box diagram The box diagram for kaon oscillations: Photon-photon scattering
Stimulated emission was a theoretical discovery by Albert Einstein within the framework of the old quantum theory, wherein the emission is described in terms of photons that are the quanta of the EM field. [5] [6] Stimulated emission can also occur in classical models, without reference to photons or quantum-mechanics.
In this regime, the combined effects of field-enhanced thermionic and field emission can be modeled by the Murphy-Good equation for thermo-field (T-F) emission. [35] At even higher fields, FN tunneling becomes the dominant electron emission mechanism, and the emitter operates in the so-called "cold field electron emission (CFE)" regime.
The Schottky effect or field enhanced thermionic emission is a phenomenon in condensed matter physics named after Walter H. Schottky. In electron emission devices, especially electron guns, the thermionic electron emitter will be biased negative relative to its surroundings. This creates an electric field of magnitude F at the
It was made by etching some material away to make a porous structure with a large surface area. As an electron emission point on an individual spike wears out, another is available to replace it, making the array more durable. [1] [2] A field emitter array (FEA) is a particular form of large-area field electron source. FEAs are prepared on a ...
Field-emission microscopy (FEM) is an analytical technique that is used in materials science to study the surfaces of needle apexes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The FEM was invented by Erwin Wilhelm Müller in 1936, [ 3 ] and it was one of the first surface-analysis instruments that could approach near- atomic resolution .
Schottky-emitter electron source of an Electron microscope. A field emission gun (FEG) is a type of electron gun in which a sharply pointed Müller-type [clarification needed] emitter [1]: 87–128 is held at several kilovolts negative potential relative to a nearby electrode, so that there is sufficient potential gradient at the emitter surface to cause field electron emission.