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A pendulum is a body suspended from a fixed support such that it freely swings back and forth under the influence of gravity. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back towards the equilibrium position.
Many problems require use of noninertial reference frames, for example, those involving satellites [28] [29] and particle accelerators. [30] Figure 2 shows a particle with mass m and position vector x A ( t ) in a particular inertial frame A. Consider a non-inertial frame B whose origin relative to the inertial one is given by X AB ( t ).
In perturbation theory, the Poincaré–Lindstedt method or Lindstedt–Poincaré method is a technique for uniformly approximating periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations, when regular perturbation approaches fail.
Rayleigh–Lorentz pendulum (or Lorentz pendulum) is a simple pendulum, but subjected to a slowly varying frequency due to an external action (frequency is varied by varying the pendulum length), named after Lord Rayleigh and Hendrik Lorentz. [1] This problem formed the basis for the concept of adiabatic invariants in mechanics. On account of ...
A double pendulum consists of two pendulums attached end to end.. In physics and mathematics, in the area of dynamical systems, a double pendulum, also known as a chaotic pendulum, is a pendulum with another pendulum attached to its end, forming a simple physical system that exhibits rich dynamic behavior with a strong sensitivity to initial conditions. [1]
Since the system is invariant under time reversal and translation, it is equivalent to say that the pendulum starts at the origin and is fired outwards: [1] r ( 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle r(0)=0} The region close to the pivot is singular, since r {\displaystyle r} is close to zero and the equations of motion require dividing by r {\displaystyle r} .
We may write down the Lagrangian in terms of the position coordinates as they are, but it is an established procedure to convert the two-body problem into a one-body problem as follows. Introduce the Jacobi coordinates ; the separation of the bodies r = r 2 − r 1 and the location of the center of mass R = ( m 1 r 1 + m 2 r 2 )/( m 1 + m 2 ) .
The inverted pendulum has been employed in various devices and trying to balance an inverted pendulum presents a unique engineering problem for researchers. [7] The inverted pendulum was a central component in the design of several early seismometers due to its inherent instability resulting in a measurable response to any disturbance. [8]