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A tube can be bent in multiple directions and angles. Common simple bends consist of forming elbows, which are 90° bends, and U-bends, which are 180° bends. More complex geometries include multiple two-dimensional (2D) bends and three-dimensional (3D) bends. A 2D tube has the openings on the same plane; a 3D has openings on different planes.
The bend deduction (BD) is twice the outside setback minus the bend allowance. BD is calculated using the following formula, where A is the angle in radians (=degrees*π/180): [11] = (+) For bends at 90 degrees this formula can be simplified to:
Visualise bending the left end of the pipe up 88 degrees. Now turn the piece of pipe around so the horizontal piece of pipe is in line with the zero degrees line on the protractor. The protractor will read 92 degrees. The key point is that the plumbing term focuses on the degree of bend from the original straight pipe, not the resulting angle.
Here, the die has a sharper angle than the required bend (typically 85 degrees for a 90 degree bend) and the upper tool is precisely controlled in its stroke to push the metal down the required amount to bend it through 90 degrees. Typically, a general purpose machine has an available bending force of around 25 tons per meter of length.
In the animation above, ~30 degree dies are being used to produce 90 degree bends. The air gap which remains between the lower die and the sheet metal after the bend is completed is the reason for the term "air bending". Rotary bending dies—a cylindrical shape with an 88-degree V-notch cut along its axis is seated in the "saddle" of the punch.
Street elbows are available with bend angles of 90°, 45°, and 22.5°. They can be used in many plumbing applications, including water supply, drainage, sewers, vents, central vacuum systems, compressed air and gas lines, heating and air conditioning, sump pump drains, and other locations where plumbing fittings would be used to join sections of pipe.
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