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Compared to sealed roads, which require large machinery to work and pour concrete or to lay and smooth a bitumen-based surface, gravel roads are easy and cheap to build.. However, compared to dirt roads, all-weather gravel highways are quite expensive to build, as they require front loaders, dump trucks, graders, and roadrollers to provide a base course of compacted earth or other material ...
A road being resurfaced using a road roller. Red surfacing for a bicycle lane in the Netherlands. Construction crew laying down asphalt over fiber-optic trench, in New York City. A road surface (British English) or pavement (North American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot ...
Chipseal aggregate on Ellsworth Road in Tomah, Wisconsin. Construction aggregate, or simply aggregate, is a broad category of coarse- to medium-grained particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world.
Macadam. An illustration of the first macadamized road in the United States between Boonsboro and Hagerstown in Maryland in 1823; in the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces (170 g) in weight or to pass a two-inch (5 cm) ring". Macadam is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon ...
The AASHTO Soil Classification System was developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and is used as a guide for the classification of soils and soil-aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes. The classification system was first developed by Hogentogler and Terzaghi in 1929, [1] but has been ...
Grading (earthworks) Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden ...
The Los Angeles abrasion test (LA abrasion) is the North American standard for testing toughness (resistance to abrasion and degradation [1]) of construction aggregate or gravel and its suitability for road construction. Test methodology and equipment is defined in the ASTM International publications ASTM C131 for particle sizes smaller than 37 ...
Subbase (pavement) In highway engineering, subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles. Subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement.