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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hardnesses of the elements" data page – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message )
Hardness. In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation, such as an indentation (over an area) or a scratch (linear), induced mechanically either by pressing or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and ...
Hardness comparison. A variety of hardness -testing methods are available, including the Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell, Meyer and Leeb tests. Although it is impossible in many cases to give an exact conversion, it is possible to give an approximate material-specific comparison table for steels.
Brinell hardness numbers Material Hardness Softwood (e.g., pine) 1.6 HBS 10/100 Hardwood: 2.6–7.0 HBS 10/100 Lead: 5.0 HB (pure lead; alloyed lead typically can range from 5.0 HB to values in excess of 22.0 HB) Pure Aluminium: 15 HB Copper: 35 HB Hardened AW-6060 Aluminium: 75 HB Mild steel: 120 HB 18–8 (304) stainless steel annealed: 200 ...
Mohs scale. The Mohs scale (/ moʊz / MOHZ) of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scale, from 1 to 10, characterizing scratch resistance of minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material. The scale was introduced in 1812 by the German geologist and mineralogist Friedrich Mohs, in his book Versuch einer ...
Rockwell scale. The Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on indentation hardness of a material. The Rockwell test measures the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load (major load) compared to the penetration made by a preload (minor load). [1] There are different scales, denoted by a single letter, that use different loads or ...
The class A and class B terminology is analogous to the "hard acid" and "soft base" terminology sometimes used to refer to the behaviour of metal ions in inorganic systems. [33] The system groups the elements by X m 2 r {\displaystyle X_{m}^{2}r} where X m {\displaystyle X_{m}} is the metal ion electronegativity and r {\displaystyle r} is its ...
A superhard material is a material with a hardness value exceeding 40 gigapascals (GPa) when measured by the Vickers hardness test. [1][2][3][4] They are virtually incompressible solids with high electron density and high bond covalency. As a result of their unique properties, these materials are of great interest in many industrial areas ...