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The resolution, "Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to equal rights for men and women", reads, in part: [1] Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States ...
Equality before the law is one of the basic principles of some definitions of liberalism. [2] [3] It is incompatible with legal slavery. Article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) states: "All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law". [1]
The right to travel abroad is also covered under "personal liberty" in Article 21. [57] In 2002, through the 86th Amendment Act, Article 21A was incorporated. It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom, stating that the state would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to fourteen years of age. [37]
Cultural and 6. Educational rights, and 7. Right to constitutional remedies. [19] However, the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978. [20] [note 2] The purpose of the Fundamental Rights is to preserve individual liberty and democratic principles based on equality of all members of society ...
Article 14 guarantees equality to all persons [a], including citizens, corporations, and foreigners. [3] [4] [5] Its provisions have come up for discussion in the Supreme Court in a number of cases and the case of Ram Krishna Dalmia vs Justice S R Tendolkar reiterated its meaning and scope as follows.
Under this theory, equal protection jurisprudence has been applied to voting rights. A recent use of equal protection doctrine came in Bush v. Gore (2000). At issue was the controversial recount in Florida in the aftermath of the 2000 presidential election. There, the Supreme Court held that the different standards of counting ballots across ...
The need to formulate general legal principles on equality was defined on the basis of (i) acknowledging the pervasiveness of discrimination and the weaknesses in the protection of the right to equality at both international and national levels, (ii) the absence of comprehensive equality legislation in many countries around the world and the recognition that such legislation is necessary to ...
[23] Benjamin Tucker's notion of equal liberty implies that "each person is equally free to pursue his or her self-interest, and is bound only by 'a mutuality of respect.'" [14] Tucker stated that this is a contract or social convention rather than a natural right, writing: "Now equal liberty itself being a social convention (for there are no ...