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As quoted in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition.CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
The expression for the infinitesimal reversible change in the Gibbs free energy as a function of its "natural variables" p and T, for an open system, subjected to the operation of external forces (for instance, electrical or magnetic) X i, which cause the external parameters of the system a i to change by an amount da i, can be derived as ...
21.45 × 10 3 kg/m 3 — Grigoriev, Igor S. & Meilikhov, Evgenii Z. Handbook of Physical Quantities. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997: 116. 21.450 g/cm 3 — Savitskii, E.M. Physical Metallurgy of Platinum Metals. New York: Pergamon Press, 1978: 31. (20 °C) 21.45 g/cm 3 — Vines, R.F. The Platinum Metals and their Alloys. New York: The ...
Chemical substances can exist in several different physical states or phases (e.g. solids, liquids, gases, or plasma) without changing their chemical composition. Substances transition between these phases of matter in response to changes in temperature or pressure .
Thermodynamic work is measured by changes in a body's state variables, sometimes called work-like variables, other than temperature and entropy. Examples of work-like variables, which are ordinary macroscopic physical variables and which occur in conjugate pairs, are pressure – volume, and electric field – electric polarization.
volume changes caused by a physical or chemical process disdrometer: size, speed, and velocity of raindrops dosimeter: exposure to hazards, especially radiation; radiation of item drumometer: amount of drum strokes over time dumpy level: horizontal levels, polar angle dynamometer: force, torque, or power electricity meter: electrical energy ...
The term "(chemical) element" is used in two different but closely related meanings: [2] it can mean a chemical substance consisting of a single kind of atoms (a free element), or it can mean that kind of atoms as a component of various chemical substances. For example, molecules of water (H 2 O) contain atoms of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), so ...
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.