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RANKL is a member of the TNF superfamily of ligands. Through binding to the RANK receptor it activates various molecules, like NF-kappa B, MAPK, NFAT and PI3K52. The RANKL/RANK signaling pathway regulates osteoclastogenesis, as well as, the survival and activation of osteoclasts. [56] [57]
Oxidative stress is the most powerfully specific stress activating p38 MAPK. [7] Abnormal activity (higher or lower than physiological) of p38 has been implicated in pathological stresses in several tissues, that include neuronal, [8] [9] [10] bone, [11] lung, [12] cardiac and skeletal muscle, [13] [14] red blood cells, [15] and fetal tissues. [16]
Lee and McPherron demonstrated that inhibition of GDF-8, either by genetic elimination (knockout mice) or by increasing the amount of follistatin, resulted in increased muscle mass. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In 2009, research with macaque monkeys demonstrated that regulating follistatin via gene therapy also resulted in muscle growth and increases in strength.
Bottom, signal enters the cell nucleus and causes transcription of DNA, which is then expressed as protein. The MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
6531 13162 Ensembl ENSG00000142319 ENSG00000276996 ENSMUSG00000021609 UniProt Q01959 Q61327 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001044 NM_010020 RefSeq (protein) NP_001035 NP_034150 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 1.39 – 1.45 Mb Chr 13: 73.68 – 73.73 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse The dopamine transporter (DAT, also sodium-dependent dopamine transporter) is a membrane-spanning protein coded ...
Morphine causes inflammation by binding to the protein lymphocyte antigen 96, which, in turn, causes the protein to bind to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). [109] The morphine-induced TLR4 activation attenuates pain suppression by opioids and enhances the development of opioid tolerance and addiction , drug abuse , and other negative side effects ...
5649 19699 Ensembl ENSG00000189056 ENSMUSG00000042453 UniProt P78509 Q60841 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_173054 NM_005045 NM_011261 NM_001310464 RefSeq (protein) NP_005036 NP_774959 NP_001297393 NP_035391 Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 103.47 – 103.99 Mb Chr 5: 22.09 – 22.55 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Reelin, encoded by the RELN gene, is a large secreted extracellular matrix ...
This local action of FGF proteins is classified as paracrine signalling, most commonly through the JAK-STAT signalling pathway or the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway. Members of the FGF19 subfamily ( FGF15 , FGF19 , FGF21 , and FGF23 ) bind less tightly to heparan sulfates, and so can act in an endocrine fashion on far-away tissues, such ...