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For example, a lower volatility stock may have an expected (average) return of 7%, with annual volatility of 5%. Ignoring compounding effects, this would indicate returns from approximately negative 3% to positive 17% most of the time (19 times out of 20, or 95% via a two standard deviation rule).
The assumption of constant investment opportunities can be relaxed. This requires a model for how ,, change over time. An interest rate model could be added and would lead to a portfolio containing bonds of different maturities. Some authors have added a stochastic volatility model of stock market returns.
Portfolio return volatility is a function of the correlations ρ ij of the component assets, for all asset pairs (i, j). The volatility gives insight into the risk which is associated with the investment. The higher the volatility, the higher the risk. In general: Expected return:
So conservative investors might want to avoid options with very high implied volatility or use it to set stop-loss orders and hedge positions. Bottom line Implied volatility is an essential ...
Image source: The Motley Fool. Topgolf Callaway Brands (NYSE: MODG) Q4 2024 Earnings Call Feb 24, 2025, 5:00 p.m. ET. Contents: Prepared Remarks. Questions and Answers. Call Participants
Image source: The Motley Fool. Annaly Capital Management (NYSE: NLY) Q4 2024 Earnings Call Jan 30, 2025, 9:00 a.m. ET. Contents: Prepared Remarks. Questions and Answers. Call Participants
Based on a universe of US stocks, the Conservative Formula has produced an annualized return of 15.1% over the period January 1929 to December 2016, significantly outperforming the US market index by 5.8% per year. Moreover, this return has been achieved with lower volatility, resulting in a Sharpe ratio of 0.94 for the full sample period. The ...
The investor's utility function is concave and increasing, due to their risk aversion and consumption preference. Analysis is based on single period model of investment. An investor either maximizes their portfolio return for a given level of risk or minimizes their risk for a given return. [2] An investor is rational in nature.