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Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis .
A handmade soap bar Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate, a typical ingredient found in bar soaps Emulsifying action of soap on oil. Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. [1]
Through the process of saponification, fats (like tallow, pig, and bone fats) or vegetable oils react with sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salts of fatty acids and glycerin. [1] The resulting mixture is known as soft soap [ broken anchor ] , which serves as a precursor for hard soap production.
Michel Eugène Chevreul (French pronunciation: [miʃɛl øʒɛn ʃəvʁœl]; 31 August 1786 – 9 April 1889) [1] was a French chemist whose work contributed to significant developments in science, medicine, and art.
Perhaps the oldest commercially practiced example of ester hydrolysis is saponification (formation of soap). It is the hydrolysis of a triglyceride (fat) with an aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). During the process, glycerol is formed, and the fatty acids react with the base, converting them to salts. These salts are called soaps ...
Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy (in 1840) in the saponification of palm oil, which process remains today the primary industrial route for producing the acid. [13] Triglycerides (fats) in palm oil are hydrolysed by high-temperature water and the resulting mixture is fractionally distilled. [14]
However, the saponification and distillation processes that Price's Patent Candle used required two and a half times the quantity of raw material. One of the products separated out by saponification was a liquid fat called oleine, which was separated from the stearin by compression. Wilson discovered that it could be used as a light lubricating ...
The saponification of fats with KOH is used to prepare the corresponding "potassium soaps", which are softer than the more common sodium hydroxide-derived soaps. Because of their softness and greater solubility, potassium soaps require less water to liquefy, and can thus contain more cleaning agent than liquefied sodium soaps.