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When the maximum compressive stress is in a horizontal orientation, thrust faulting can occur, resulting in the shortening and thickening of that portion of the crust. When the maximum compressive stress is vertical, a section of rock will often fail in normal faults , horizontally extending and vertically thinning a given layer of rock.
In astrophysics, spaghettification (sometimes referred to as the noodle effect) [1] is the vertical stretching and horizontal compression of objects into long thin shapes (rather like spaghetti) in a very strong, non-homogeneous gravitational field. It is caused by extreme tidal forces.
The second type is compression. This occurs when rocks are squeezed together causing them to fold or fracture. While confining stress and compression stress both deal with rocks in a state of compression, the difference lies in that confining stress is a vertical stress, making it influenced by gravity.
If the load is compression on the bar, rather than stretching it, the analysis is the same except that the force F and the stress change sign, and the stress is called compressive stress. The ratio σ = F / A {\displaystyle \sigma =F/A} may be only an average stress.
Diagram of Geologic Tension. In geology, the term "tension" refers to a stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. The rocks become longer in a lateral direction and thinner in a vertical direction.
The amount of stretch or compression along material line elements or fibers is the normal strain, and the amount of distortion associated with the sliding of plane layers over each other is the shear strain, within a deforming body. [2] This could be applied by elongation, shortening, or volume changes, or angular distortion. [3]
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Compression of solids has many implications in materials science, physics and structural engineering, for compression yields noticeable amounts of stress and tension. By inducing compression, mechanical properties such as compressive strength or modulus of elasticity , can be measured.