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Some scholars suggest the existence of /ʃ/ and two affricates, but this viewpoint is controversial, and the phonemes are not counted here. [44] Polish: Indo-European: 37: 29 8 [23] Portuguese: Indo-European: 27 + (10) 19 + (4) 8 + (6) Some may argue that /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ are phonemic, and vowel phonemes may be counted using nasal vowels as well ...
The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are ...
For instance, gh represents /f/ at the end of some words (tough / t ... English contains, depending on dialect, 24–27 consonant phonemes and 13–20 vowels.
The alphabet is designed for transcribing sounds (phones), not phonemes, though it is used for phonemic transcription as well. A few letters that did not indicate specific sounds have been retired – ˇ , once used for the "compound" tone of Swedish and Norwegian, and ƞ , once used for the moraic nasal of Japanese – though one remains: ɧ ...
Steve Wilhite's slide at the 2013 Webby Awards regarding the pronunciation of GIF.. In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, the letter g is used in different contexts to represent two distinct phonemes that in English are called hard and soft g .
There are many views as to exactly what phonemes are and how a given language should be analyzed in phonemic terms. Generally, a phoneme is regarded as an abstraction of a set (or equivalence class ) of spoken sound variations that are nevertheless perceived as a single basic unit of sound by the ordinary native speakers of a given language.
The phonemes /f/, /g/, /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡z/ usually occur in words of foreign origin (Germanic, Romance or Greek) or dialects only. As for /f/, however, the number of words where it occurs is still significant and many of them are commonplace, e.g. fialový ('violet'), fronta ('queue' as a noun), fotit ('take photos'), doufat ('hope' as a verb).
Moreover, in many other words, the pronunciation has subsequently evolved from a fixed spelling, so that it has to be said that the phonemes represent the graphemes rather than vice versa. And in much technical jargon, the primary medium of communication is the written language rather than the spoken language, so the phonemes represent the ...