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The youth control complex is a theory developed by Chicano scholar Victor M. Rios to describe what he refers to as the overwhelming system of criminalization that is shaped by the systematic punishment that is applied by institutions of social control against boys of color in the United States. Rios articulates that there are many components of ...
Crime pattern theory consists of four key points: (1) that criminal events are complex, (2) that crime is not random, (3) that criminal opportunities are not random, and (4) that offenders and victims are not pathological in their use of time and space. [1]
Another early form of the theory was proposed by Reiss (1951) [3] who defined delinquency as, "...behavior consequent to the failure of personal and social controls." ." Personal control was defined as, "...the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community" while social control was, "...the ability of social groups or ...
Frederic M. Thrasher (1927: 46) studied gangs in a systematic way, analyzing gang activity and behavior. He defined gangs by the process they go through to form a group: "The gang is an interstitial group originally formed spontaneously, and then integrated through conflict. It is characterized by the following types of behavior: meeting face ...
Walter Benson Miller was born February 7, 1920, in Philadelphia and died March 28, 2004, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [1] He was a Phi Beta Kappa (1948) graduate of the University of Chicago with an M.A. in anthropology, [2] and of Harvard University with a Ph.D. in social relations. [1]
The proliferation of these gangs has led to increased crime rates, particularly in urban areas. Innocent civilians, including bystanders, often fall victim to gang violence. The presence of teen gangs creates an atmosphere of fear and insecurity, impeding the overall development and well-being of affected communities. [4] [10]
Members of the Oakland Police Department Gang Task Force with California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation Special Service Unit agents in 2001. A gang intelligence unit (GIU) (also known as an anti-gang unit, gang suppression unit, gang task force, or simply a gang unit, among many other terms) is an American law enforcement unit tasked with investigating, suppressing, and ...
Jody Miller is a feminist criminology professor at the School of Criminal Justice at the Rutgers University (Newark). Her education includes: B.S. in journalism from Ohio University, 1989 (summa cum laude); M.A. in sociology from Ohio University, 1990; M.A. in women's studies at Ohio State University, 1991; and her Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Southern California in 1996.