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A chart or table of nuclides maps the nuclear, or radioactive, behavior of nuclides, as it distinguishes the isotopes of an element.It contrasts with a periodic table, which only maps their chemical behavior, since isotopes (nuclides that are variants of the same element) do not differ chemically to any significant degree, with the exception of hydrogen.
Nuclear density is the density of the nucleus of an atom. For heavy nuclei, it is close to the nuclear saturation density n 0 = 0.15 ± 0.01 {\displaystyle n_{0}=0.15\pm 0.01} nucleons / fm 3 , which minimizes the energy density of an infinite nuclear matter . [ 1 ]
The stable nucleus has approximately a constant density and therefore the nuclear radius R can be approximated by the following formula, R = r 0 A 1 / 3 {\displaystyle R=r_{0}A^{1/3}\,} where A = Atomic mass number (the number of protons Z , plus the number of neutrons N ) and r 0 = 1.25 fm = 1.25 × 10 −15 m.
Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not 1 / 2 e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)
This represents isotopes of the first 105 elements, except for elements 87 , 102 and 104 (rutherfordium). At least 3,300 nuclides have been experimentally characterized [ 1 ] (see List of radioactive nuclides by half-life for the nuclides with decay half-lives less than one hour).
The rms charge radius is a measure of the size of an atomic nucleus, particularly the proton distribution. The proton radius is about one femtometre = 10 −15 metre. It can be measured by the scattering of electrons by the nucleus. Relative changes in the mean squared nuclear charge distribution can be precisely measured with atomic spectroscopy.
In that case, the charge of an ion could be written as =. The charge number in chemistry normally relates to an electric charge. This is a property of specific subatomic atoms. These elements define the electromagnetic contact between the two elements. A chemical charge can be found by using the periodic table.
The atomic nucleus is a bound system of protons and neutrons. The spatial extent and shape of the nucleus depend not only on the size and shape of discrete nucleons, but also on the distance between them (the inter-nucleon distance). (Other factors include spin, alignment, orbital motion, and the local nuclear environment (see EMC effect).)