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The actual voltage, matching the car battery's voltage, will be approximately 12.5 volts when dormant (less in cold conditions), approximately 14.5 volts when the engine and the alternator/generator are operating (more when cold), and may briefly drop as low as 5–6 volts during engine start due to the high temporary battery current usage. [12]
Literature on 42-volt electrical systems often refers to systems powered with a 6-cell lead-acid battery as nominally 14 volts. Depending on operating conditions, the vehicle electrical system voltage today can vary between 6.5 and 16 V, with a varying degree of ripple superimposed on this value.
A battery charger, recharger, or simply charger, [1] [2] is a device that stores energy in an electric battery by running current through it. The charging protocol—how much voltage , amperes, current, for how long and what to do when charging is complete—depends on the size and type of the battery being charged.
AC generator; 51 DC at rectifiers: 51e as 51, with choke coil 59 AC out, rectifier in, light switch 51, 51-, 51a 59a charge, rotor out 59 64 generator control light Generator, voltage regulator; 61 charge indicator (charge control light) B+ battery + 51, 51B+, B+30, B+51 B- battery - 31B- D+ dynamo/alternator diode+ D- dynamo/alternator diode- DF
Alternator regulators are also simpler than those for generators. Generator regulators require a cutout relay to isolate the output coils (the armature) from the battery at low speed; that isolation is provided by the alternator rectifier diodes. Also, most generator regulators include a current limiter; alternators are inherently current-limited.
Case A: any charger connected to the mains (the mains supply cable is usually attached to the charger) usually associated with modes 1 or 2. Case B: an on-board vehicle charger with a mains supply cable that can be detached from both the supply and the vehicle – usually mode 3. Case C: DC dedicated charging station. The mains supply cable may ...
However, it is always ultimately derived from the automobile's internal combustion engine, battery, or other "prime mover" source of energy. The advent of high-powered batteries in hybrid and all-electrical vehicles is shifting the balance of technologies even further in the direction of electrically powered accessories.
Early automobile generators and alternators had a mechanical voltage regulator using one, two, or three relays and various resistors to stabilize the generator's output at slightly more than 6.7 or 13.4 V to maintain the battery as independently of the engine's rpm or the varying load on the vehicle's electrical system as possible.