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Nonunion is permanent failure of healing following a broken bone unless intervention (such as surgery) is performed. A fracture with nonunion generally forms a structural resemblance to a fibrous joint, and is therefore often called a "false joint" or pseudoarthrosis (from Greek pseudo-, meaning false, and arthrosis, meaning joint).
Most bones have only one primary center (e.g. all long bones except clavicle) but some irregular bones such as the os coxae (hip) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers. A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared – most of which appear during the ...
Clavicle fractures occur at 30–64 cases per 100,000 a year and are responsible for 2.6–5.0% of all fractures. [15] This type of fracture occurs more often in males. [ 15 ] About half of all clavicle fractures occur in children under the age of seven and is the most common pediatric fracture.
A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, F x, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a comminuted fracture. [1]
Nonunion is rare; almost all of these fractures heal. Malunion, however, is not uncommon, and can lead to residual pain, grip weakness, reduced range of motion (especially rotation), and persistent deformity. Symptomatic malunion may require additional surgery.
Krapina 149 showed evidence of a fractured, and well-healed, right clavicle. It would have caused pain and limited movement for a few weeks, during which the individual would need care. [13] Krapina 180 showed evidence of fracture and nonunion of the right ulnar bone, that might have later resulted in an amputation. The initial fracture would ...
Nonunion is rare following surgical fixation of ankle fractures but can be managed with bone grafts and stable internal fixation. [17] Patients can also experience pain or discomfort from the metal hardware used to fix the fracture.
A malunion is when a fractured bone does not heal properly. Some ways that it shows is by having the bone being twisted, shorter, or bent. Malunions can occur by having the bones improperly aligned when immobilized, having the cast taken off too early, or never seeking medical treatment after the break. [1]