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Testing revealed that chickens fed with a variety of vitamin B12 produced with the residue of a specific antibiotic grew 50% faster than chickens fed with B12 from a different source. [2] Further research confirmed that antibiotic use improved chicken health, resulting in increased egg production, lower mortality rates, and reduced illness.
The use of antibiotics for growth promotion purposes was banned in the European Union from 2006, [18] and the use of sub-therapeutic doses of medically important antibiotics in animal feed and water [19] to promote growth and improve feed efficiency became illegal in the United States on 1 January 2017, through regulatory change enacted by the ...
Studies using mixed-sex chimeric chickens demonstrated that male (ZZ) and female (ZW) cells maintain their distinct sexual identity even when transplanted into tissues of the opposite sex. The DMRT1 gene, located on the Z chromosome, has been identified as a key regulator of CASI in birds.
In the early stages of growth, the sporophyte grows out of the prothallus, depending on it for water supply and nutrition, but develops into a new independent fern, which will produce new spores that will grow into new prothallia etc., thus completing the life cycle of the organism.
One indication of the effect of broilers' rapid growth rate on welfare is a comparison of the usual mortality rate for standard broiler chickens (1% per week) with that for slower-growing broiler chickens (0.25% per week) and with young laying hens (0.14% per week); the mortality rate of the fast-growing broilers is seven times the rate of ...
Moreover, acidifiers may improve growth performance through establishment of low gastrointestinal pH conditions which support endogenous digestive enzymes and reduce undesired gut microorganisms. Many dietary acidifiers are based on propionic acid, formic acid, lactic acid and others, either as single components or in combination.