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Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula H 3 P O 4. It is commonly encountered as an 85% aqueous solution , which is a colourless, odourless, and non- volatile syrupy liquid.
Since the ends are condensed, its formula has one less H 2 O (water) than tripolyphosphoric acid. The general formula of a phosphoric acid is H n−2x+2 P n O 3n−x+1, where n is the number of phosphorus atoms and x is the number of fundamental cycles in the molecule's structure; that is, the minimum number of bonds that would have to be ...
Both phosphorous acid and its deprotonated forms are good reducing agents, although not necessarily quick to react. They are oxidized to phosphoric acid or its salts. It reduces solutions of noble metal cations to the metals. When phosphorous acid is treated with a cold solution of mercuric chloride, a white precipitate of mercurous chloride forms:
The molecule displays P(═O)H to P–OH tautomerism similar to that of phosphorous acid; the P(═O) form is strongly favoured. [ 6 ] HPA is usually supplied as a 50% aqueous solution and heating at low temperatures (up to about 90 °C) prompts it to react with water to form phosphorous acid and hydrogen gas.
Sulfuric acid may be written as O 2 S(OH) 2; this is the molecule observed in the gas phase. The phosphite ion, PO 3− 3, is a strong base, and so always carries at least one proton. In this case the proton is attached directly to the phosphorus atom with the structure HPO 2− 3.
At pH 1 or lower, the phosphoric acid is practically undissociated. Around pH 4.7 (mid-way between the first two pK a values) the dihydrogen phosphate ion, [H 2 PO 4] −, is practically the only species present. Around pH 9.8 (mid-way between the second and third pK a values) the monohydrogen phosphate ion, [HPO 4] 2−, is the only species ...
Soft drinks containing phosphoric acid, including Coca-Cola, are sometimes called phosphate sodas or phosphates. Phosphoric acid in soft drinks has the potential to cause dental erosion. [108] Phosphoric acid also has the potential to contribute to the formation of kidney stones, especially in those who have had kidney stones previously. [109]
Acid strength is the tendency of an acid, symbolised by the chemical formula, to dissociate into a proton, +, and an anion, .The dissociation or ionization of a strong acid in solution is effectively complete, except in its most concentrated solutions.