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A spreadsheet's concatenate ("&") function is used to assemble a complex text string—in this example, XML code for an SVG "circle" element. In formal language theory and computer programming, string concatenation is the operation of joining character strings end-to-end. For example, the concatenation of "snow" and "ball" is "snowball".
This is a pictorial representation of a code concatenation, and, in particular, the Reed–Solomon code with n=q=4 and k=2 is used as the outer code and the Hadamard code with n=q and k=log q is used as the inner code. Overall, the concatenated code is a [, ]-code.
Rexx uses this syntax for concatenation including an intervening space. C (along with Python) allows juxtaposition for string literals, however, for strings stored as character arrays, the strcat function must be used. COBOL uses the STRING statement to concatenate string variables. MATLAB and Octave use the syntax "[x y]" to concatenate x and y.
Serial concatenated convolutional codes were first analyzed with a view toward turbo decoding in "Serial Concatenation of Interleaved Codes: Performance Analysis, Design, and Iterative Decoding" by S. Benedetto, D. Divsalar, G. Montorsi and F. Pollara. [4]
String concatenation is an associative, but non-commutative operation. The empty string ε serves as the identity element ; for any string s , ε s = s ε = s . Therefore, the set Σ * and the concatenation operation form a monoid , the free monoid generated by Σ.
Hardware-wise, this turbo code encoder consists of two identical RSC coders, C 1 and C 2, as depicted in the figure, which are connected to each other using a concatenation scheme, called parallel concatenation: In the figure, M is a memory register. The delay line and interleaver force input bits d k to appear in different sequences.
Besides the usual set operations like union, intersection etc., concatenation can be applied to languages: if both and are languages, their concatenation is defined as the set of concatenations of any string from and any string from , formally = {}.
The simplest temporal operator is the ## operator which performs a concatenation: [clarification needed] sequence S1 ; @( posedge clk ) req ## 1 gnt ; endsequence This sequence matches if the gnt signal goes high one clock cycle after req goes high.