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The basin rises in the highlands and flows in extremely arid regions, in particular the Sahara Desert. [3] Its main navigable course is through the Nile River, being the mouth section in the Mediterranean Sea (more precisely after the Nile Delta) until it surrounds the city of Aswan, in southern Egypt.
Congo Basin with the divide between it and the Nile Basin to the east highlighted in green. The Congo–Nile Divide or the Nile–Congo Watershed is the continental divide that separates the drainage basins of the Congo and Nile rivers. It is about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) long.
However, the riparian countries cooperate through the Nile Basin Initiative. Satellite view of the Nile near Qena in Upper Egypt. Egypt has four main groundwater aquifers: the Nile Aquifer, the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, the Moghra Aquifer between the West of the Nile Delta and the Qattara Depression, and coastal aquifers on the North-Western ...
The claims over rights to water in the Middle East are centred around the area's three major river systems - the Nile, the River Jordan, and the Tigris-Euphrates river basin. International water agreements in Middle East have been rare, but the situation regarding regional water relations in the three main basins will be explored below.
The Nile is the only significant source of water in North Africa and 40% of Africa’s population lives in the Nile River Basin. [3] The Nile has two major tributaries: the White Nile and the Blue Nile. The White Nile is the longer of the two, rising in the Great Lakes Region of central Africa.
The Bahr al Ghazal's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile's sub-basins, measuring 520,000 square kilometers (200,000 sq mi) in size, but it contributes a relatively small amount of water, about 2 m 3 /s (71 cu ft/s) annually, because tremendous volumes of water are lost in the Sudd wetlands.
This has resulted in the development so far of 18,000 km 2 (6,900 sq mi) of irrigated land, making Sudan the second most extensive user of the Nile, after Egypt. [3] While Egypt is highly dependent on the Nile, there are factors that may lead to the necessity of conflict over the distribution of the Nile's water supply.
Survey of the Moeris Basin from the late 19th century. When the Mediterranean Sea was a hot, dry hollow near the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the late Miocene, Faiyum was a dry hollow, and the Nile flowed past it at the bottom of a canyon (which was 8,000 feet (2,400 m) deep or more where Cairo is today).