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For insurance, the loss ratio is the ratio of total losses incurred (paid and reserved) in claims plus adjustment expenses divided by the total premiums earned. [1] For example, if an insurance company pays $60 in claims for every $100 in collected premiums, then its loss ratio is 60% with a profit ratio/gross margin of 40% or $40.
To calculate the capital gain for US income tax purposes, include the reinvested dividends in the cost basis. The investor received a total of $4.06 in dividends over the year, all of which were reinvested, so the cost basis increased by $4.06. Cost Basis = $100 + $4.06 = $104.06; Capital gain/loss = $103.02 − $104.06 = -$1.04 (a capital loss)
There are two algebraically equivalent approaches to calculating the Bornhuetter–Ferguson ultimate loss. In the first approach, undeveloped reported (or paid) losses are added directly to expected losses (based on an a priori loss ratio) multiplied by an estimated percent unreported.
A good operating margin is needed for a company to be able to pay for its fixed costs, such as interest on debt. A higher operating margin means that the company has less financial risk. Operating margin can be considered total revenue from product sales less all costs before adjustment for taxes, dividends to shareholders, and interest on debt.
The company's operating income margin or return on sales (ROS) is (EBIT ÷ Revenue). This is the operating income per dollar of sales. [EBIT/Revenue] The company's asset turnover (ATO) is (Revenue ÷ Average Total Assets). The company's equity multiplier is (Average Total Assets ÷ Average Total Equity). This is a measure of financial leverage.
How to calculate the current ratio. ... The formula is: Current ratio: Current assets / Current liabilities. Sample current ratios. ... or operating cash flows.
How to calculate debt-service coverage ratio There are two main components in how to calculate DSCR: a company’s annual net operating income and its annual debt service. The formula for ...
A professional investor contemplating a change to the capital structure of a firm (e.g., through a leveraged buyout) first evaluates a firm's fundamental earnings potential (reflected by earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and EBIT), and then determines the optimal use of debt versus equity (equity value).