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The genetic structure of H5N1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (influenza A virus subtype H5N1), is characterized by a segmented RNA genome consisting of eight gene segments that encode for various viral proteins essential for replication, host adaptation, and immune evasion.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes the disease avian influenza (often referred to as "bird flu"). It is enzootic (maintained in the population) in many bird populations, and also panzootic (affecting animals of many species over a wide area). [ 1 ]
Avian influenza, also known as avian flu or bird flu, is a disease caused by the influenza A virus, which primarily affects birds but can sometimes affect mammals including humans. [1] Wild aquatic birds are the primary host of the influenza A virus, which is enzootic (continually present) in many bird populations.
[8] [10] In 2020, reassortment (genetic "swapping") between these H5-2.3.4.4b viruses and other strains of avian influenza led to the emergence of a H5N1 strain with a H5-2.3.4.4b gene. [8] The virus then spread across Europe, first detected there in the autumn of 2020, before spreading to Africa and Asia. [1]
"Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection" (PDF). "WHO Avian influenza resource (updated)". Archived from the original on February 1, 2004. "Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus". 2019-03-21. "FAO information on Avian Influenza - Latest news, Disease Card, Maps, Animations".
H5 N2 is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus). The subtype infects a wide variety of birds, including chickens, ducks, turkeys, falcons, and ostriches. Affected birds usually do not appear ill, and the disease is often mild as avian influenza viral subtypes go.
Mammalian influenza viruses tend to be labile, but can survive several hours in mucus. [57] Avian influenza virus can survive for 100 days in distilled water at room temperature, and 200 days at 17 °C (63 °F). The avian virus is inactivated more quickly in manure, but can survive for up to two weeks in feces on cages.
In 1999 an H5 influenza A virus was isolated from a mallard in the Netherlands. [5] In 2008 An H5N9 virus was isolated from poultry in Aomori, Japan. [6] In December 2015 an H5N9 virus infected a flock of 500 ducks raised for fatty liver production experienced a 5% mortality in Arrosès, France. [7]