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The strong interaction, or strong nuclear force, is the most complicated interaction, mainly because of the way it varies with distance. The nuclear force is powerfully attractive between nucleons at distances of about 1 femtometre (fm, or 10 −15 metres), but it rapidly decreases to insignificance at distances beyond about 2.5 fm. At ...
These fields are the weak isospin fields W 1, W 2, and W 3, and the weak hypercharge field B. This invariance is known as electroweak symmetry . The generators of SU(2) and U(1) are given the name weak isospin (labeled T ) and weak hypercharge (labeled Y ) respectively.
Weinberg angle θ W, and relation between couplings g, g ′, and e = g sin θ W. Adapted from Lee (1981). [1] The pattern of weak isospin, T 3, and weak hypercharge, Y W, of the known elementary particles, showing electric charge, Q, [a] along the Weinberg angle. The neutral Higgs field (upper left, circled) breaks the electroweak symmetry and ...
The Paschen–Back effect is the splitting of atomic energy levels in the presence of a strong magnetic field. This occurs when an external magnetic field is sufficiently strong to disrupt the coupling between orbital and spin angular momenta. This effect is the strong-field limit of the Zeeman effect.
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.
The weak interaction has a coupling constant (an indicator of how frequently interactions occur) between 10 −7 and 10 −6, compared to the electromagnetic coupling constant of about 10 −2 and the strong interaction coupling constant of about 1; [13] consequently the weak interaction is "weak" in terms of intensity. [14]
As described above, π-donor ligands lead to a small Δ O and are called weak- or low-field ligands, whereas π-acceptor ligands lead to a large value of Δ O and are called strong- or high-field ligands. Ligands that are neither π-donor nor π-acceptor give a value of Δ O somewhere in-between.
The energy difference between these 2 sets of d-orbitals is called the splitting parameter, Δ o. The magnitude of Δ o is determined by the field-strength of the ligand: strong field ligands, by definition, increase Δ o more than weak field ligands.