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Ancient Greek reflects the original PIE vowel system most faithfully, with few changes to PIE vowels in any syllable, but its loss of certain consonants, especially *s, *w and *y, often triggered a compensatory lengthening or contraction of vowels in hiatus, which can complicate reconstruction.
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. [1] No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists; its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages.
PIE had personal pronouns in the first and second person, but not the third person, where demonstratives were used instead.They were inflected for case and number (singular, dual, and plural), but not for gender.
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, ... A wiki, B ik äṃ "twenty" ...
The Vedic accent is generally considered the most archaic, fairly faithfully reflecting the position of the original PIE accent. Avestan manuscripts do not have written accent, but we know indirectly that at some period the free PIE accent was preserved (e.g. Avestan *r is devoiced yielding -hr-before voiceless stops and after the accent — if the accent was not on the preceding syllable, *r ...
PIE roots usually have verbal meaning like "to eat" or "to run". Roots never occurred alone in the language. Roots never occurred alone in the language. Complete inflected verbs, nouns, and adjectives were formed by adding further morphemes to a root and potentially changing the root's vowel in a process called ablaut .
Some direct evidence for laryngeal consonants comes from Anatolian. In PIE *a is a fairly rare sound, and in an uncommonly large number of good etymologies, it is word-initial. Thus PIE (traditional) *anti 'in front of and facing' > Greek antí 'against' Latin ante 'in front of, before' Sanskrit ánti 'near; in the presence of'.
The glottalic theory is that Proto-Indo-European had ejective or otherwise non-pulmonic stops, *pʼ *tʼ *kʼ, instead of the plain voiced ones, *b *d *ɡ as hypothesized by the usual Proto-Indo-European phonological reconstructions.