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Venetian ceruse or Venetian white, [2] also known as blanc de céruse de Venise [3] and Spirits of Saturn, [4] was a 16th-century cosmetic used as a skin whitener. It was in great demand and considered the best available at the time, supposedly containing the best quality white lead sourced from Venice , the global merchant capital at the time.
Readily visible alterations of the skin surface have been recognised since the dawn of history. Among the first to take an interest in skin diseases were the Mesopotamian peoples, who sought to understand the reasons for these problems, often resorting to explanations rooted in religion, astrology and divination, and were the first to observe and define various dermatopathies.
Clinics in Dermatology is a medical journal published for the International Academy of Cosmetic Dermatology by Elsevier, addressing clinical treatment and care of skin disorders. According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 2.470.
Dermatoepidemiology is the study of skin disease at the population level. [43] One of its aspects is the determination of the global burden of skin diseases. [44] [45] From 1990 to 2013, skin disease constituted about 2% of total global disease disability [46] as measured in disability-adjusted life-years. [47]
Pleasant Hill, Alabama; Pleasant Hill, Arkansas (disambiguation) Pleasant Hill, California. Pleasant Hill/Contra Costa Centre station; Pleasant Hill Historic District (Macon, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Georgia
16th-century physicians from the Holy Roman Empire (6 C, 1 P) 16th-century Hungarian physicians (1 P) I. 16th-century Iranian physicians (7 P)
Aesthetic medicine is a branch of modern medicine that focuses on altering natural or acquired unwanted appearance through the treatment of conditions including scars, skin laxity, wrinkles, moles, liver spots, excess fat, cellulite, unwanted hair, skin discoloration, spider veins [1] and or any unwanted externally visible appearance.
Skin lighteners in South Africa were first marketed to white consumers, then eventually to consumers of color. [95] Initially, skin whitening was typically practiced by rural and poor South African women; however, studies indicate that the practice has become increasingly prevalent among black women with higher incomes and levels of education. [72]