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Level 2 armor is medium-level protection suitable for extended wear and may be either overt or covert. This armor protects against stab threats with a strike energy of 33±0.60 J (24.3±0.44 ft·lbf). The overtest condition for this level is 50±0.70 J (36.9±0.51 ft·lbf). Level 3 is high-level protection suitable for wear in high risk ...
The thickness of the sheet and the wear layer determines the durability of the floor; unlike linoleum, vinyl flooring is usually not homogeneous, and once it wears through the print layer, it will be obviously damaged. Thinner floors may also tear. While it is possible to wax or otherwise resurface vinyl floors, it is not often done.
Vinyl floor tiling. Vinyl composition tile (VCT) is a finished flooring material used primarily in commercial and institutional applications. Modern vinyl floor tiles and sheet flooring and versions of those products sold since the early 1980s are composed of colored polyvinyl chloride (PVC) chips formed into solid sheets of varying thicknesses (1 ⁄ 8 in or 3.2 mm is most common) by heat and ...
In an experimental situation the hardness of the uppermost layer of material in the contact may not be known with any certainty, consequently, the ratio is more useful; this is known as the dimensional wear coefficient or the specific wear rate. This is usually quoted in units of mm 3 N −1 m −1. [5]
For hardwood flooring, the test usually requires an 80 mm × 150 mm (3 in × 6 in) sample with a thickness of at least 6–8 mm, and the most commonly used test is the ASTM D1037. When testing wood in lumber form, the Janka test is always carried out on wood from the tree trunk (known as the heartwood), and the standard sample (according to ...
The damage on the metal sheet, wear mode, or characteristic pattern shows no breakthrough of the oxide surface layer, which indicates a small amount of adhesive material transfer and flattening damage of the sheet's surface. This is the first stage of material transfer and galling build-up.
AMAP-R consists of two armour layers, called AMAP-R Level 1 and AMAP-R Level 2. Compared to conventional roof protection, which can have an aerial density of up to 450 kg/m 2, AMAP-R is very lightweight (Level 1 has an aerial density of only 25 kg/m 2, Level 1 and 2 together have an aerial density of 120 kg/m 2). The normal vehicle armour is ...
When a test fails to meet the thickness and other test requirements that are in place to ensure plane strain conditions, the fracture toughness value produced is given the designation . Fracture toughness is a quantitative way of expressing a material's resistance to crack propagation and standard values for a given material are generally ...