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Chronotropic effects (from chrono-, meaning time, and tropos, "a turn") are those that change the heart rate. Chronotropic drugs may change the heart rate and rhythm by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart and the nerves that influence it , such as by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node .
Chronotropic incompetence (CI) is the inability of heart rate to increase as expected in response to exercise. The condition can be defined in different ways and occurs in various diseases. The condition can be defined in different ways and occurs in various diseases.
Efonidipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker marketed by Shionogi & Co. of Japan.It was launched in 1995, under the brand name Landel (ランデル).The drug blocks both T-type and L-type calcium channels. [1]
increase cardiac output by increasing heart rate (positive chronotropic effect), conduction velocity (positive dromotropic effect), stroke volume (by enhancing contractility – positive inotropic effect), and rate of relaxation of the myocardium, by increasing calcium ion sequestration rate (positive lusitropic effect), which aids in ...
Episodes of vasovagal syncope are typically recurrent and usually occur when the predisposed person is exposed to a specific trigger. Before losing consciousness, the individual frequently experiences early signs or symptoms such as lightheadedness, nausea, the feeling of being extremely hot or cold (accompanied by sweating), ringing in the ears, an uncomfortable feeling in the heart, fuzzy ...
A substance that has a bathmotropic effect is known as a bathmotrope. While bathmotropic, as used herein, has been defined as pertaining to modification of the excitability of the heart, it can also refer to modification of the irritability of heart muscle, and the two terms are frequently used interchangeably.
Heart rate reduction, i.e., decrease of the resting heart rate (negative chronotropic effect) and reduction of excessive elevations resulting from exercise or stress. [ 38 ] Reduction of the force of contraction, i.e., decrease in contractility (negative inotropic effect), which lessens how hard each heartbeat contracts.
The effect of these compounds on the cardiovascular system presents a reason for concern, as they can directly affect the function of the heart through their inotropic and chronotropic effects. In terms of inotropic activity, excessive cardiac glycoside dosage results in cardiac contractions with greater force, as further calcium is released ...