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Official figures put the total number of documentable executions during the years 1937 and 1938 at 681,692, [172] [173] in addition to 116,000 deaths in the Gulag, [1] and 2,000 unofficially killed in non-article 58 shootings; [1] whereas the total estimate of deaths brought about by Soviet repression during the Great Purge ranges from 950,000 ...
According to historian Stephen Wheatcroft, approximately 1 million of these deaths were "purposive" while the rest happened through neglect and irresponsibility. [2] The deaths of at least 5.5 to 6.5 million [14] persons in the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 are sometimes, though not always, included with the victims of the Stalin era. [2] [15]
The Soviet regime had an ostensible commitment to the complete annihilation of religious institutions and ideas. [11] Communist ideology could not coexist with the continued influence of religion even as an independent institutional entity, so "Lenin demanded that communist propaganda must employ militancy and irreconcilability towards all forms of idealism and religion", and that was called ...
Estimates of individuals killed range from a low of 10–20 million to as high as 148 million. The concepts of connecting disparate killings to the status of the communist states which committed them, and of trying to ascribe common causes and factors to them, have been both supported and criticized by the academic community.
The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. [479] In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. [480] Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects.
The generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. In order to avoid confusion over which meaning is intended, Rummel created democide for this third meaning. [5] In "How Many Did Communist Regimes Murder?", Rummel wrote:
Purges of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union (Russian: "Чистка партийных рядов", chistka partiynykh ryadov, "cleansing of the party ranks") were Soviet political events, especially during the 1920s, [1] in which periodic reviews of members of the Communist Party were conducted by other members and the security organs to get rid of "undesirables". [2]
The tentative historical consensus is that, of the 18 million people who passed through the gulag from 1930 to 1953, between 1.6 million [2] [3] and 1.76 million [98] perished as a result of their detention, [1] and about half of all deaths occurred between 1941 and 1943 following the German invasion.