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At the very least, such a loudspeaker may be 2-way employing a woofer (or mid-range/mid-woofer) and a tweeter. Higher end loudspeakers may be 3-way or even 4-way. For the sake of this article and simplicity, a 2-way speaker system will be assumed - consisting of a woofer and a tweeter.
The two most common types of speaker enclosure are acoustic suspension (sometimes called pneumatic suspension) and bass reflex.In both cases, the tuning affects the lower end of the driver's response, but above a certain frequency, the driver itself becomes the dominant factor and the size of the enclosure and ports (if any) become irrelevant.
The term loudspeaker may refer to individual transducers (also known as drivers) or to complete speaker systems consisting of an enclosure and one or more drivers.. To adequately and accurately reproduce a wide range of frequencies with even coverage, most loudspeaker systems employ more than one driver, particularly for higher sound pressure level (SPL) or maximum accuracy.
Cutaway drawing of a commercial 4-way transmission line loudspeaker system, the IMF Reference Standard Professional Monitor Mk VII (circa 1982). The enclosure is 104 cm (41 in) high (116 cm (46 in) on its stand), 43 cm (17 in) deep and 50 cm (20 in) wide, with a gross enclosure volume of about 218 liters.
Two types of dome-type phase plug: one with radial slits and one with concentric ring slits, also called annular or circumferential. In horn loudspeakers, the phase plug serves to carry sound waves out from all areas of the compression driver diaphragm through the compression chamber to the horn throat such that each pulse of sound reaches the throat as one coherent wave front. [9]
The low-frequency driver is typically 15 or 18 inches in diameter. Mid-format line arrays are typically two or three-way and use 10 or 12 inch low-frequency drivers. The horizontal coverage is typically 90 degrees wide but some systems employ narrower boxes at the top or wider boxes at the bottom of the array.
A horn loudspeaker is a loudspeaker or loudspeaker element which uses an acoustic horn to increase the overall efficiency of the driving element(s). A common form (right) consists of a compression driver which produces sound waves with a small metal diaphragm vibrated by an electromagnet, attached to a horn, a flaring duct to conduct the sound waves to the open air.
A coaxial loudspeaker is a loudspeaker system in which the individual driver units radiate sound from the same point or axis. Two general types exist: one is a compact design using two or three speaker drivers, usually in car audio, and the other is a two-way high-power design for professional audio, also known as single-source or dual-concentric loudspeakers. [1]