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The energy released when electrons are passed from higher-energy NADH or FADH2 to the lower-energy O 2 is required to phosphorylate ADP and once again generate ATP. [11] It is this energy coupling and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that gives the electron transport chain the name oxidative phosphorylation. [1] ATP-Synthase
At cytoplasmic conditions, where the ADP/ATP ratio is 10 orders of magnitude from equilibrium, the ΔG is around −57 kJ/mol. [12] Along with pH, the free energy change of ATP hydrolysis is also associated with Mg 2+ concentration, from ΔG°' = −35.7 kJ/mol at a Mg 2+ concentration of zero, to ΔG°' = −31 kJ/mol at [Mg 2+] = 5 mM.
Since energy is released when ATP is broken down, energy is required to rebuild or resynthesize it. The building blocks of ATP synthesis are the by-products of its breakdown; adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P i). The energy for ATP resynthesis comes from three different series of chemical reactions that take place within ...
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P i). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is: ADP + P i + 2H + out ⇌ ATP + H 2 O + 2H + in
The adenylate energy charge is an index used to measure the energy status of biological cells.. ATP or Mg-ATP is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in the cell : it is used for biosynthetic pathways, maintenance of transmembrane gradients, movement, cell division, etc...
The ATP-ADP translocase (also called adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane. The driving force is due to the ATP (−4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (−3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.
This process is related to osmosis, the movement of water across a selective membrane, which is why it is called "chemiosmosis". ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP by chemiosmosis. It allows protons to pass through the membrane and uses the free energy difference to convert phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into ATP. The ATP ...
A notable occurrence of dephosphorylation is the conversion of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. Dephosphorylation employs a type of hydrolytic enzyme, or hydrolase , which cleaves ester bonds. The prominent hydrolase subclass used in dephosphorylation is phosphatase , which removes phosphate groups by hydrolysing phosphoric acid monoesters ...