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A(B) and A(V) are the total extinction at the B and V filter bands. Another measure used in the literature is the absolute extinction A(λ)/A(V) at wavelength λ, comparing the total extinction at that wavelength to that at the V band. R(V) is known to be correlated with the average size of the dust grains causing the extinction.
Solar System dust includes comet dust, planetary dust (like from Mars), [4] asteroidal dust, dust from the Kuiper belt, and interstellar dust passing through the Solar System. Thousands of tons of cosmic dust are estimated to reach Earth's surface every year, [5] with most grains having a mass between 10 −16 kg (0.1 pg) and 10 −4 kg (0.1 g ...
In Saturn's magnetosphere the active moon Enceladus at 4 (= 6.0 × 10 4 km is Saturn's radius) is a source of oxygen and water ions at a density of 10 9 m −3 and an energy 5 eV. Dust particles are charged to a surface potential of -1 and -2 V. Outside 4 the ion energy increases to 100 eV and the resulting surface potential rises to +5 V. [166 ...
Dust may affect intergalactic distance measurements, such as supernovae and quasars in other galaxies. [2] Partially due to the dust's absorption and re-emission of visible light, observations of more distant astronomical objects have greater apparent magnitude when conducted in infrared .
A comparison of this value with the apparent magnitude allows the approximate distance to be determined, after correcting for interstellar extinction of the luminosity because of gas and dust. In a gravitationally-bound star cluster such as the Hyades, the stars formed at approximately the same age and lie at the same distance. This allows ...
Dust accelerator tests show that dust trajectories can be determined to an accuracy of 1% in velocity and 1° in direction. [98] The second element of a Dust Telescope is a Large-area Mass Analyzer: [99] a reflectron type time-of-flight mass analyzer with a sensitive area of up to 0.2 m 2 [100] and a mass resolution R > 150. It consists of a ...
The Zone of Avoidance (ZOA, ZoA), or Zone of Galactic Obscuration (ZGO), [1] [2] is the area of the sky that is obscured by the Milky Way. [ 3 ] The Zone of Avoidance was originally called the Zone of Few Nebulae in an 1878 paper by English astronomer Richard Proctor that referred to the distribution of " nebulae " in John Herschel 's General ...
Galactic Energy (Chinese: 星河动力) is a Chinese private space launch enterprise flying the Ceres-1 [1] [2] [3] and developing the Pallas-1 orbital rockets. The company's long-term objective is to mine asteroids for rare metals and minerals .