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A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a green plant and a fungus. The plant makes organic molecules by photosynthesis and supplies them to the fungus in the form of sugars or lipids, while the fungus supplies the plant with water and mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus, taken from the soil.
A mycorrhizal network (also known as a common mycorrhizal network or CMN) is an underground network found in forests and other plant communities, created by the hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi joining with plant roots. This network connects individual plants together.
The mycorrhizosphere includes "roots, hyphae of the directly connected mycorrhizal fungi, associated microorganisms and the soil within their direct influence". [1] It is the region in which nutrients released from the root and the fungus increase the microbial population and its activities.
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, showing root tips with fungal mycelium from the genus Amanita. An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ektos, "outside", μύκης mykes, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobiont, and the roots of various plant species.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are found in 80% of plant species [44] and have been surveyed on all continents except Antarctica. [45] [46] The biogeography of glomeromycota is influenced by dispersal limitation, [47] environmental factors such as climate, [45] soil series and soil pH, [46] soil nutrients [48] and plant community.
The first mycorrhizal gene to be sequenced was the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA). [26] This gene is highly conserved and commonly used in phylogenetic studies so was isolated from spores of each taxonomic group before amplification through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). [27]
A single plant with its associated fungus is not an isolated entity. It has been shown that mycelia from the roots of one plant actually colonize the roots of nearby plants, creating an underground network of plants of the same or different species. This network is known as a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). It has been demonstrated that ...
MHBs enhance mycorrhizal function, growth, nutrient uptake to the fungus and plant, improve soil conductance, aid against certain pathogens, and help promote defense mechanisms. [1] These bacteria are naturally present in the soil, and form these complex interactions with fungi as plant root development starts to take shape. [2]