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A granum (plural grana) is a stack of thylakoid discs. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana. Grana are connected by stroma thylakoids, also called intergranal thylakoids or lamellae .
Within the envelope membranes, in the region called the stroma, there is a system of interconnecting flattened membrane compartments, called the thylakoids.The thylakoid membrane is quite similar in lipid composition to the inner envelope membrane, containing 78% galactolipids, 15.5% phospholipids and 6.5% sulfolipids in spinach chloroplasts. [3]
Chloroplasts are characterized by a system of membranes embedded in a hydrophobic proteinaceous matrix, or stroma. The basic unit of the membrane system is a flattened single vesicle called the thylakoid; thylakoids stack into grana. All the thylakoids of a granum are connected with each other, and the grana are connected by intergranal ...
Within the stroma are grana (stacks of thylakoid), the sub-organelles where photosynthesis is started [2] before the chemical changes are completed in the stroma. [3] Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH.
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Because of the H + gradient across the thylakoid membrane, the interior of the thylakoid is acidic, with a pH around 4, [173] while the stroma is slightly basic, with a pH of around 8. [174] The optimal stroma pH for the Calvin cycle is 8.1, with the reaction nearly stopping when the pH falls below 7.3. [175]
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The Flavor of Broccoli vs. Broccolini While similar, broccoli and broccolini have distinct flavors and textures. Broccoli has an earthy flavor with a slightly bitter undertone.