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Personal union, with the Principality of Orange and the Dutch Republic (1689–1702) during the reign of William II; Personal union with the Electorate of Hanover (1801–1806). Personal union with the Kingdom of Hanover (1814–1837). Personal union with the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and Ireland (de jure) from 1937 to 1949;
On 23 February 1689, King William III reconvened the Convention into a regular parliament [10] by dissolving it and summoning a new parliament almost a year later. The actions of the Convention Parliament were regularised in early 1690 by the Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 , the first act passed by the regularly elected 2nd ...
Vol. 9: From the First Year of K. William and Q. Mary to Eighth Year of K. William III – 1688 to 1695–96. Cambridge: Joseph Bentham. pp. 236– 244 – via Internet Archive. Pickering, Danby, ed. (1764). "Anno quinto Gulielmi & Mariæ". The Statutes at Large. Vol. 9: From the First Year of K. William and Q. Mary to Eighth Year of K. William ...
William III (William Henry; Dutch: Willem Hendrik; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), [c] also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702.
William III and Mary II depicted on the ceiling of the Painted Hall, Greenwich.. In 1685, James' position in Scotland was more secure than it was in England. The 1681 Scottish Succession and Test Acts made obedience to the monarch a legal obligation, 'regardless of religion' but in return confirmed the primacy of the Church of Scotland, or Kirk.
The royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots incorporated into the Tolbooth in Leith (1565) and now in South Leith Parish Church. Government in early modern Scotland included all forms of administration, from the crown, through national institutions, to systems of local government and the law, between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century.
Under the terms of the union, the Scots gained 30 members of parliament, but many posts were not filled, or fell to English agents of the government, and had very little say at Westminster. Initially the government was run by eight commissioners and adopted a policy of undermining the political power of the nobility in favour of the "meaner sort".
(In Scotland a separate Act was passed, the Claim of Right, which stated that James had forfeited the throne by his illegal actions and his failure to take the coronation oath.) However, doubts arose as to the validity of the Bill of Rights and the other Acts passed by the Convention Parliament.