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Therefore, 16-bit digital audio found on CDs has a theoretical maximum SNR of 98 dB, and professional 24-bit digital audio tops out as 146 dB. As of 2011 [update] , digital audio converter technology is limited to an SNR of about 123 dB [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] ( effectively 21 bits) because of real-world limitations in integrated circuit design.
The SNR values are given for the rectangular region on the forehead. The plots at the bottom show the signal intensity in the indicated row of the image (red: original signal, blue: with noise). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background ...
Each additional bit adds approximately 6 dB in possible SNR (e.g. 24 x 6 = 144 dB for 24-bit and 120 dB for 20-bit quantization). The 16-bit digital system of Red Book audio CD has 2 16 = 65,536 possible signal amplitudes, theoretically allowing for an SNR of 98 dB. [2]: 49
The 16-bit compact disc has a theoretical undithered dynamic range of about 96 dB; [20] [d] however, the perceived dynamic range of 16-bit audio can be 120 dB or more with noise-shaped dither, taking advantage of the frequency response of the human ear. [21] [22]
Audio is typically recorded at 8-, 16-, and 24-bit depth; which yield a theoretical maximum signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) for a pure sine wave of, approximately; 49.93 dB, 98.09 dB, and 122.17 dB. [22] CD quality audio uses 16-bit samples. Thermal noise limits the true number of bits that can be used in quantization.
The Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio is a multiple of the bit depth. Audio CDs use a bit depth of 16-bits, while DVD-Video and Blu-ray discs can use 24-bit audio. The maximum dynamic range of a 16-bit system is about 96 dB, [10] while for 24 bit it is about 144 dB.
audio 2 44100 any 20 Linear PCM 16-bit Stereo audio 1411.2 kbit/s, [3] [4]: 62 [5]: 18 uncompressed RFC 3551, Page 27: 11 L16 audio 1 44100 any 20 Linear PCM 16-bit audio 705.6 kbit/s, uncompressed RFC 3551, Page 27: 12 QCELP audio 1 8000 20 20 Qualcomm Code Excited Linear Prediction: RFC 2658, RFC 3551: 13 CN audio 1 8000 Comfort noise.
The unit dB FS or dBFS is defined in AES Standard AES17-1998, [13] IEC 61606, [14] and ITU-T Recs. P.381 [15] and P.382, [16] such that the RMS value of a full-scale sine wave is designated 0 dB FS. This means a full-scale square wave would have an RMS value of +3 dB FS.