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Sudden flooding, where a large volume of water enters the field in a short time, can lead to a high level of seedling death. [8] Floating rice faces additional problems due to the depth and time of the water in which it grows. Water conditions such as turbulence and temperature can adversely affect the crop. [9]
Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is the most serious disease of growing rice. [75] It and bacterial leaf streak (caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) are perennially the two worst rice diseases worldwide; they are both among the ten most important diseases of all crop plants. [76]
They require a great deal of labor and materials to create and need large quantities of water for irrigation. Oxen and water buffalo, adapted for life in wetlands, are important working animals used extensively in paddy field farming. Paddy field farming remains the dominant form of growing rice in modern times.
One of the earliest known examples of companion planting is the growing of rice with Azolla, the mosquito fern, which covers the top of a fresh rice paddy's water, blocking out any competing plants, as well as fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere for the rice to use. The rice is planted when it is tall enough to poke out above the azolla.
Rice may be made into congee (also called rice porridge or rice gruel) by adding more water than usual, so that the cooked rice is saturated with water, usually to the point that it disintegrates. Rice porridge is commonly eaten as a breakfast food, and is a traditional food for the sick.
The term “upland rice” refers to rice cultivated in non-flooded conditions, and it can encompass various specific definitions. While most of the world's rice is grown in paddy fields or wet environments that require significant amount of water, rice itself does not inherently need flooding to thrive.
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The rice provides the fish with shelter and shade and a reduced water temperature, along with herbivorous insects and other small animals that feed on the rice. [7] Rice benefits from nitrogenous waste from the fish, while the fish reduce insect pests such as brown planthoppers , diseases such as sheath blight of rice , and weeds. [ 7 ]