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An electoral system (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Some electoral systems elect a single winner (single candidate or option), while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors.
ln(r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg(z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg(x + iy) = atan2(y, x). Log(z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].
A joint Politics and Economics series Social choice and electoral systems Social choice Mechanism design Comparative politics Comparison List (By country) Single-winner methods Single vote - plurality methods First preference plurality (FPP) Two-round (US: Jungle primary) Partisan primary Instant-runoff UK: Alternative vote (AV) US: Ranked-choice (RCV) Condorcet methods Condorcet-IRV Round ...
The classic example of a positional voting electoral system is the Borda count. [1] Typically, for a single-winner election with N candidates, a first preference is worth N points, a second preference N – 1 points, a third preference N – 2 points and so on until the last (N th) preference that is worth just 1 point. So, for example, the ...
Some voting rules are difficult to explain to voters in a way they can intuitively understand, which may undermine public trust in elections. [8] [failed verification] For example, while Schulze's rule performs well by many of the criteria above, it requires an involved explanation of beatpaths. Ease of voting.
Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States) House of Representatives: Lower chamber of legislature First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States) Uruguay: President: Head of State and Government Two-round system: Chamber of Senators: Upper ...
The above example restricted to candidates Alice and Bob also serves as an example of highest median rules failing the majority criterion, although highest medians can pass the majority criterion with normalized ballots (i.e. ballots scaled to use the whole 0-100 range). However, normalization cannot recover the Archimedean criterion.
These rules are typically contrasted with the more popular highest averages methods (also called divisor methods). [ 1 ] By far the most common quota method are the largest remainders or quota-shift methods , which assign any leftover seats to the "plurality" winners (the parties with the largest remainders , i.e. most leftover votes).