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However, protamine appears only partially to neutralize the anti-factor Xa activity of LMWH. Because the molecular weight of heparin impacts its interaction with protamine, the lack of complete neutralization of anti-factor Xa is likely due to reduced protamine binding to the LMWH moieties in the preparation. Protamine is a medicine that ...
Fondaparinux targets anti-factor Xa activity rather than inhibiting thrombin activity, to facilitate a more subtle regulation of coagulation and an improved therapeutic index. It is a synthetic pentasaccharide, whose chemical structure is almost identical to the AT binding pentasaccharide sequence that can be found within polymeric heparin and ...
A specialist may request a quantitative factor Xa assay in a situation of overdose. [2] Andexanet alfa, a specific antidote to reverse the anticoagulant activity of direct Xa inhibitors in the event of major bleeding, was approved by the FDA in 2018. [9] It is also available in the UK. [10]
LMWH shows increased inactivation of Factor Xa compared to unfractionated heparin, and fondaparinux, an agent based on the critical pentasacharide sequence of heparin, shows more selectivity than LMWH. This inactivation of Factor Xa by heparins is termed "indirect" since it relies on the presence of AT and not a direct interaction with Factor Xa.
Danaparoid sodium (Orgaran) is an anticoagulant [1] with an antithrombotic action due to inhibition of thrombin generation (TGI) by two mechanisms: indirect inactivation of Factor Xa via AT and direct inhibition of thrombin activation of Factor IX (an important feedback loop for thrombin generation). It also possesses a minor anti-thrombin ...
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is produced through a controlled depolymerization of unfractionated heparin. [83] LMWH exhibits a higher anti-Xa/anti-IIa activity ratio and is useful as it does not require monitoring of the APTT coagulation parameter and has fewer side effects. [83]
Distribution: Volume of distribution (anti-Factor Xa activity) = 4.3 liters [17] Metabolism: Enoxaparin is metabolized in the liver into low molecular weight species by either or both desulfation and depolymerization. [17] Elimination: A single dose of a subcutaneous injection of enoxaparin has an elimination half-life of 4.5 hours. [17]
The Xa inhibitors all bind in a so-called L-shape fashion within the active site of factor Xa. The key constituents of the factor Xa are the S1 and S4 binding sites. It was first noted that the natural compounds, antistasin and TAP, which possess highly polar and therefore charged components bind to the target with some specificity.