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A sconce or wall light is a decorative light fixture that is mounted to a wall. [1] The sconce is a very old form of fixture, historically used with candles and oil lamps. They can provide general room lighting, and are common in hallways and corridors, but they may be mostly decorative. [1] A sconce may be a traditional torch, cresset, candle ...
Yet, before the experiments of Stanciu and Hansteen, all-optical controllable magnetization reversal in a stable magnetic state was considered impossible. [ 1 ] In quantum field theory and quantum chemistry the effect where the angular momentum associated to the circular motion of the photons induces an angular momentum in the electrons is ...
[5] [6] In the earlier periods, the term "candlestick", chandelier in France, may be used to refer to a candelabra, a hanging branched light, or a wall light or sconce. In English, "hanging candlesticks" or "branches" were used to mean lighting devices hanging from the ceiling until chandelier began to be used in the 18th century. [7]
Paramagnetic materials have a weak induced magnetization in a magnetic field, which disappears when the magnetic field is removed. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials have strong magnetization in a magnetic field, and can be magnetized to have magnetization in the absence of an external field, becoming a permanent magnet. Magnetization is ...
In the magnetic pole model, the magnetic dipole moment is due to two equal and opposite magnetic charges that are separated by a distance, d. In this model, m is similar to the electric dipole moment p due to electrical charges: m = q m d , {\displaystyle m=q_{\mathrm {m} }d,} where q m is the ‘magnetic charge’.
Therefore, a domain wall requires extra energy, called the domain wall energy, which is proportional to the area of the wall. Thus the net amount that the energy is reduced when a domain splits is equal to the difference between the magnetic field energy saved, and the additional energy required to create the domain wall.