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Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS or mROS) are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced by mitochondria. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Generation of mitochondrial ROS mainly takes place at the electron transport chain located on the inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of oxidative phosphorylation .
Under normal physiological conditions, cells control ROS levels by balancing the generation of ROS with their elimination by scavenging systems. But under oxidative stress conditions, excessive ROS can damage cellular proteins, lipids and DNA, leading to fatal lesions in the cell that contribute to carcinogenesis.
This protein also possesses an N-terminal mitochondrial leader sequence which targets it to the mitochondrial matrix, where it converts mitochondrial-generated reactive oxygen species from the respiratory chain to H2. [6] Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [5]
While it is unclear how reoxygenation affects intolerant ectotherms at the mitochondrial level, there is some research showing how some of them respond. In the hypoxia-sensitive shovelnose ray (Aptychotrema rostrata), it is shown that ROS production is lower upon reoxygenation compared to rays only exposed to normoxia (normal oxygen levels). [90]
Respiratory burst (or oxidative burst) is the rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion (O − 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), from different cell types. This is usually utilised for mammalian immunological defence, but also plays a role in cell signalling.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O − 2) anion radical into normal molecular oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H
In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons. [16] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons.
22227 Ensembl ENSG00000109424 ENSMUSG00000031710 UniProt P25874 P12242 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_021833 NM_009463 RefSeq (protein) NP_068605 NP_033489 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 140.56 – 140.57 Mb Chr 8: 84.02 – 84.03 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Thermogenin (called uncoupling protein by its discoverers and now known as uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) is a mitochondrial ...