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The boundary between Asia and Europe is unusual among continental boundaries because of its largely mountain-and-river-based characteristics north and east of the Black Sea. Asia and Europe are considered separate continents for historical reasons; the division between the two goes back to the early Greek geographers .
With remote sensing instruments, the boundary layer height can be detected based on these principles. Using the lidar on board CALIPSO, boundary layer height estimates have been made and compared with radiosonde and ECMWF re-analysis data and have shown high correlations between the remote sensing estimated value and the measured radiosonde values.
Triple deck theory is a theory that describes a three-layered boundary-layer structure when sufficiently large disturbances are present in the boundary layer. This theory is able to successfully explain the phenomenon of boundary layer separation, but it has found applications in many other flow setups as well, [1] including the scaling of the lower-branch instability of the Blasius flow, [2 ...
The planetary boundary layer is different between day and night. During the day inversion layers formed during the night are broken up as a consequence of the turbulent rise of heated air. [26] The boundary layer stabilises "shortly before sunset" and remains so during the night. [26] All this make up a daily cycle. [26]
The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys ...
Mantle – Layer inside a planet between core and crust; Mohorovičić discontinuity – Boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle; Mountain – Large natural elevation of the Earth's surface; Mid-ocean ridge, also known as Oceanic ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
The up and downdrafts of boundary layer convection is the primary way in which the atmosphere moves heat, momentum, moisture, and pollutants between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. Thus, boundary layer convection is important in the global climate modeling, numerical weather prediction, air-quality modeling and the dynamics of numerous ...
The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (referred to as the LAB by geophysicists) represents a mechanical difference between layers in Earth's inner structure. Earth's inner structure can be described both chemically ( crust , mantle , and core ) and mechanically.