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If a frictional force proportional to the velocity is also present, the harmonic oscillator is described as a damped oscillator. Depending on the friction coefficient, the system can: Oscillate with a frequency lower than in the undamped case, and an amplitude decreasing with time (underdamped oscillator).
In the solution, c 1 and c 2 are two constants determined by the initial conditions (specifically, the initial position at time t = 0 is c 1, while the initial velocity is c 2 ω), and the origin is set to be the equilibrium position.
The time taken for an oscillation to occur is often referred to as the oscillatory period. The systems where the restoring force on a body is directly proportional to its displacement, such as the dynamics of the spring-mass system, are described mathematically by the simple harmonic oscillator and the regular periodic motion is known as simple ...
The animations below depict the motion of a simple (frictionless) pendulum with increasing amounts of initial displacement of the bob, or equivalently increasing initial velocity. The small graph above each pendulum is the corresponding phase plane diagram; the horizontal axis is displacement and the vertical axis is velocity. With a large ...
Time evolution of the probability distribution (and phase, shown as color) of a coherent state with |α|=3. The coherent states (also known as Glauber states) of the harmonic oscillator are special nondispersive wave packets, with minimum uncertainty σ x σ p = ℏ ⁄ 2, whose observables' expectation values evolve like a
Trajectory of a particle with initial position vector r 0 and velocity v 0, subject to constant acceleration a, all three quantities in any direction, and the position r(t) and velocity v(t) after time t. The initial position, initial velocity, and acceleration vectors need not be collinear, and the equations of motion take an almost identical ...
However, the triode vacuum tube oscillator performed poorly above 300 MHz because of interelectrode capacitance. [81] To reach higher frequencies, new "transit time" (velocity modulation) vacuum tubes were developed, in which electrons traveled in "bunches" through the tube.
The Van der Pol oscillator was originally proposed by the Dutch electrical engineer and physicist Balthasar van der Pol while he was working at Philips. [2] Van der Pol found stable oscillations, [3] which he subsequently called relaxation-oscillations [4] and are now known as a type of limit cycle, in electrical circuits employing vacuum tubes.