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Official figures put the total number of documentable executions during the years 1937 and 1938 at 681,692, [172] [173] in addition to 116,000 deaths in the Gulag, [1] and 2,000 unofficially killed in non-article 58 shootings; [1] whereas the total estimate of deaths brought about by Soviet repression during the Great Purge ranges from 950,000 ...
The Soviet regime had an ostensible commitment to the complete annihilation of religious institutions and ideas. [11] Communist ideology could not coexist with the continued influence of religion even as an independent institutional entity, so "Lenin demanded that communist propaganda must employ militancy and irreconcilability towards all forms of idealism and religion", and that was called ...
According to historian Stephen Wheatcroft, approximately 1 million of these deaths were "purposive" while the rest happened through neglect and irresponsibility. [2] The deaths of at least 5.5 to 6.5 million [14] persons in the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 are sometimes, though not always, included with the victims of the Stalin era. [2] [15]
The first Party purge of the Joseph Stalin era took place in 1929–1930 in accordance with a resolution of the XVI Party Conference. [4] Purges became deadly under Stalin. More than 10 percent of the party members were purged. At the same time, a significant number of new industrial workers joined the Party.
Joseph Stalin biographer Stephen Kotkin supports a similar view, stating that while "there is no question of Stalin's responsibility for the famine" and many deaths could have been prevented if not for the "insufficient" and counterproductive Soviet measures, there is no evidence for Stalin's intention to kill the Ukrainians deliberately. [146]
Stalin “killed systematically rather than episodically,” the Stanford historian Norman Naimark has observed. An elderly woman passes a house shelled by Russians in the village of Krasylivka ...
The regime could not tolerate dynamic faith or popular religious leaders who could inspire and lead millions of people. [ 11 ] To this effect, Lenin's doctrine that the state should be much more tolerant towards amoral or even criminal priests rather than those of good moral standing, was interpreted such that popular clergymen were removed ...
Under pressure from the opposition, Stalin had to read the testament again at the July 1926 Central Committee meeting. Lenin's concerns over Stalin's harsh leadership and over a split between Trotsky and Stalin were later confirmed, with Trotsky being expelled from the Soviet Union by the Politburo in February 1929.