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A high vaginal swab (HVS) is a medical procedure performed in obstetrics and gynaecology to test vaginal discharge for the presence of vaginal thrush, bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas vaginalis. [1] [2] [3] It is carried out in clean conditions, by a healthcare professional who uses a speculum to look at the cervix and vagina.
Trichomoniasis (trich) is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [2] About 70% of affected people do not have symptoms when infected. [2] When symptoms occur, they typically begin 5 to 28 days after exposure. [1]
Trichomonas vaginalis from a vaginal swab. This is a heavy infection; there were probably thousands of trichomonads in the vagina. Alfred Francois Donné (1801–1878) was the first to describe a procedure to diagnose trichomoniasis through "the microscopic observation of motile protozoa in vaginal or cervical secretions" in 1836.
The Nugent Score is a Gram stain scoring system for vaginal swabs to diagnose bacterial vaginosis (BV).The Nugent score is calculated by assessing for the presence of large Gram-positive rods (Lactobacillus morphotypes; decrease in Lactobacillus scored as 0 to 4), small Gram-variable rods (Gardnerella vaginalis morphotypes; scored as 0 to 4), and curved Gram-variable rods (Mobiluncus spp ...
Trichomonas vaginalis, being the species that causes the most complications in humans, is the only fully sequenced Trichomonas species. Through whole-genome shotgun sequencing, the Trichomonas vaginalis genome is estimated to be around 160 Mb long, divided into six chromosomes. However, at least 65% of its genome was found to be redundant.
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis serve as the natural host. [1]
Trichomonas vaginalis Can cause a profuse discharge with a fish-like odor, pain upon urination, painful intercourse, and inflammation of the external genitals. elevated (5.0–6.0) Aerobic vaginitis: Burning, stinging and dyspareunia. Non-malodorous yellowish discharge. Symptoms can last for several years. The condition can also be asymptomatic.
Trichomonas is diagnosed by looking at a sample of discharge under the microscope showing trichomonads moving on the slide. [28] However, in women with trichomonas the organism is typically detected in only 60-80% of cases. [28] Other testing, including a culture of the discharge or a PCR assay, are more likely to detect the organism. [28]