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Unlike biologic preparations, small molecules like vitamins can be very easily purified to yield products that are equivalent in potency. As a result, a simple mass conversion (as opposed to an assay) suffices to obtain the IU: 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.3 μg retinol (~0.1 nmol) = 0.6 μg beta-carotene [10] [11] [a]
The enzyme unit, or international unit for enzyme (symbol U, sometimes also IU) is a unit of enzyme's catalytic activity. [ 1 ] 1 U (μmol/min) is defined as the amount of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of one micro mole of substrate per minute under the specified conditions of the assay method .
For vitamin E, 100% RI was set at 12 mg in 2011. [49] The international unit measurement was used by the United States in 1968–2016. 1 IU is the biological equivalent of about 0.667 mg d (RRR)-alpha-tocopherol (2/3 mg exactly), or of 0.90 mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol, corresponding to the then-measured relative potency of stereoisomers.
α-Tocopherol (alpha-tocopherol) is a type of vitamin E.Its E number is "E307". Vitamin E exists in eight different forms, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.All feature a chromane ring, with a hydroxyl group that can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain, along with an aromatic ring is situated near the carbonyls in the fatty acyl chains of the ...
The RDA is based on the α-tocopherol form because it is the most active form as originally tested. Vitamin E supplements are absorbed best when taken with meals. [17] The U.S. Institute of Medicine has set an upper tolerable intake level (UL) for vitamin E at 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) per day. [18]
International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass. [ citation needed ] Enzyme activity ( kat ) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST , ALT , LD and γ-GT in Sweden.
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At a typical intake of cholecalciferol (up to 2000 IU/day), conversion to calcifediol is rapid. When large doses are given (100,000 IU), it takes 7 days to reach peak calcifediol concentrations. [9] Calcifediol binds in the blood to vitamin D-binding protein (also known as gc-globulin) and is the main circulating vitamin D metabolite.