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Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. [24] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction, thus causing flaccid paralysis. [25]
Botox is a neuromodulator injection that's known for its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles when injected into the facial muscles, says Dr. Nayoung Lee, an assistant ...
Botox injections are used for minor focal dystonia, but not in more advanced tardive dyskinesia. [10] As of 2018, evidence is insufficient to support the use of benzodiazepines , baclofen , progabide , sodium valproate , gaboxadol , or calcium channel blockers (e.g. diltiazem ).
Common examples of neurotoxins include lead, [7] ethanol (drinking alcohol), [8] glutamate, [9] nitric oxide, [10] botulinum toxin (e.g. Botox), [11] tetanus toxin, [12] and tetrodotoxin. [6] Some substances such as nitric oxide and glutamate are in fact essential for proper function of the body and only exert neurotoxic effects at excessive ...
In 2022, 8.7 million received Botox and more than 6.2 million received filler, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Especially in recent years, these procedures have gone from an ...
The most commonly used treatment for spasmodic torticollis is the use of botulinum toxin injection in the dystonic musculature. Botulinum toxin type A is most often used; it prevents the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic axon of the motor end plate , paralyzing the dystonic muscle. [ 16 ]
Botox or Dysport injections have the advantage of ready availability (the same form is used for cosmetic surgery) and the effects are not permanent. There is a risk of temporary paralysis of the muscles being injected or the leaking of the toxin into adjacent muscle groups, causing weakness or paralysis in them.
Botox injection can weaken and lengthen muscles, but weak, stretched muscles are often the primary problem in strabismus. Scott was therefore developing the anesthetic drug bupivacaine as an injection to strengthen and shorten weak muscles. Bupivacaine injection stresses a muscle and triggers a growth process, analogous to how load-bearing ...
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