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The quadratic formula =. is a closed form of the solutions to the general quadratic equation + + =. More generally, in the context of polynomial equations, a closed form of a solution is a solution in radicals; that is, a closed-form expression for which the allowed functions are only n th-roots and field operations (+,,, /).
In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα = 0), and an exact form is a differential form, α, that is the exterior derivative of another differential form β. Thus, an exact form is in the image of d, and a closed form is in the kernel of d.
Closed-form expression, a finitary expression Closed differential form , a differential form α {\displaystyle \alpha } whose exterior derivative d α {\displaystyle d\alpha } is the zero form 0 {\displaystyle 0} , meaning d α = 0 {\displaystyle d\alpha =0} .
Conversely, if closed sets are given and every intersection of closed sets is closed, then one can define a closure operator C such that () is the intersection of the closed sets containing X. This equivalence remains true for partially ordered sets with the greatest-lower-bound property , if one replace "closed sets" by "closed elements" and ...
In contrast, the formula "∃y ∀x: x+2 > y" is closed, and has truth value true. Open formulas are often used in rigorous mathematical definitions of properties, like "x is an aunt of y if, for some person z, z is a parent of y, and x is a sister of z"
The field F is algebraically closed if and only if every rational function in one variable x, with coefficients in F, can be written as the sum of a polynomial function with rational functions of the form a/(x − b) n, where n is a natural number, and a and b are elements of F.
In mathematics, particularly abstract algebra, an algebraic closure of a field K is an algebraic extension of K that is algebraically closed. It is one of many closures in mathematics. Using Zorn's lemma [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] or the weaker ultrafilter lemma , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] it can be shown that every field has an algebraic closure , and that the ...
Rigor is a cornerstone quality of mathematics, and can play an important role in preventing mathematics from degenerating into fallacies. well-behaved An object is well-behaved (in contrast with being Pathological ) if it satisfies certain prevailing regularity properties, or if it conforms to mathematical intuition (even though intuition can ...