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One strategy to get the needed nutrition is used by ruminants in which they chew cud in order to process their food a second time. [23] [18] Another strategy used by horses is to have an elongated colon to increase the time spent during digestion and absorption. [13] Both of these strategies add substantial bulk to the animal.
Wet or canned dog food usually is packaged in a solid or soft-sided container. Wet food contains roughly 60-78% water, [31] which is significantly higher in moisture than dry or semi-moist food. [38] Canned food is commercially sterile (cooked during canning); other wet foods may not be sterile.
As bacteria conduct fermentation in the rumen, they consume about 10% of the carbon, 60% of the phosphorus, and 80% of the nitrogen that the ruminant ingests. [31] To reclaim these nutrients, the ruminant then digests the bacteria in the abomasum. The enzyme lysozyme has adapted to facilitate digestion of bacteria in the ruminant abomasum. [32]
Rennet (/ ˈ r ɛ n ɪ t /) is a complex set of enzymes produced in the stomachs of ruminant mammals. Chymosin, its key component, is a protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk. In addition to chymosin, rennet contains other enzymes, such as pepsin and a lipase.
In animals, it is a major digestive enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0. [3] In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are α-amylases. The α-amylase form is also found in plants, fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) and bacteria .
Intracellular digestion can also refer to the process in which animals that lack a digestive tract bring food items into the cell for the purposes of digestion for nutritional needs. This kind of intracellular digestion occurs in many unicellular protozoans, in Pycnogonida , in some molluscs , Cnidaria and Porifera .
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