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Given a function that accepts an array, a range query (,) on an array = [,..,] takes two indices and and returns the result of when applied to the subarray [, …,].For example, for a function that returns the sum of all values in an array, the range query (,) returns the sum of all values in the range [,].
A pivot table is a table of values which are aggregations of groups of individual values from a more extensive table (such as from a database, spreadsheet, or business intelligence program) within one or more discrete categories. The aggregations or summaries of the groups of the individual terms might include sums, averages, counts, or other ...
In a trimmed estimator, the extreme values are discarded; in a winsorized estimator, the extreme values are instead replaced by certain percentiles (the trimmed minimum and maximum). Thus a winsorized mean is not the same as a truncated or trimmed mean. For instance, the 10% trimmed mean is the average of the 5th to 95th percentile of the data ...
Pearson/Spearman correlation coefficients between X and Y are shown when the two variables' ranges are unrestricted, and when the range of X is restricted to the interval (0,1). Most correlation measures are sensitive to the manner in which X and Y are sampled. Dependencies tend to be stronger if viewed over a wider range of values.
The Softmax function is a smooth approximation to the arg max function: the function whose value is the index of a vector's largest element. The name "softmax" may be misleading. Softmax is not a smooth maximum (that is, a smooth approximation to the maximum function).
Fisher's exact test (also Fisher-Irwin test) is a statistical significance test used in the analysis of contingency tables. [1] [2] [3] Although in practice it is employed when sample sizes are small, it is valid for all sample sizes.
A simple and inefficient way to see where one string occurs inside another is to check at each index, one by one. First, we see if there is a copy of the needle starting at the first character of the haystack; if not, we look to see if there's a copy of the needle starting at the second character of the haystack, and so forth.
Boxplot (with an interquartile range) and a probability density function (pdf) of a Normal N(0,σ 2) Population. In descriptive statistics, the interquartile range (IQR) is a measure of statistical dispersion, which is the spread of the data. [1] The IQR may also be called the midspread, middle 50%, fourth spread, or H‑spread.